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DECEMBER 2015 SEEDWORLD.COM 91 Precision Agriculture Starts With The Seed OPTICOUNT ONLINE PROVIDES Fully automatic operation line sampler interface Near real-time feedback to the operator PLC and data system interfaces Also available in manual OptiCount Lab 804-514-9189 processvis.com 281-276-3600 satake-usa.com Counting is fast and reliable with visual verication. OptiCount provides seed-by-seed size shape and color analysis giving you count and data output in less than 30 seconds. PROCESS V I S I O N S E E D S O L U T I O N S Backlit Count Measure Data Color ONLINE Also available in manual OptiCount Lab Also available in manual wind you are going to see pathogens move greater distances. Weber adds that despite ongoing dispersal of crop pests and pathogens the degree of biotic homogeni- zation of the globe remains moderate and regionally constrained but is growing. Fungal pathogens lead the global invasion of agriculture despite their more restricted host range he says. Climate change is likely to influence future distributions. Improved surveillance would reveal greater levels of invasion particularly in developing countries. In 2014 the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service APHIS adopted a Climate Change Adaptation Plan in order to be ready for increasing challenges from pests and diseases. The plan states that climate change will influence the level of risk to food security and human health associated with a suite of animal and plant diseases invasive species and agri- cultural pests. Changes in environmental conditions will increase the likelihood of shifts in the distribution and nature of current domestic diseases and pests as well as influence the dynamics of invasion and establish- ment of exotic disease and pests. The APHIS plan reports that empirical evidence has demonstrated that short term climate disruptions e.g. drought heat and hurricanes can strongly influ- ence pest and disease incursion. These disruptions sometimes exacerbate pest pressure however pest pressure also can be minimized. Climate change is already starting to influence invasion biology pest disease epidemiology and ecosys- tem dynamics which can influence not only the likelihood of arrival but also the potential for establish- ment and spread. APHIS does not anticipate that climate change will require a modi- fication of its regulatory authority. However APHIS believes climate change will likely require new regu- lations and policies as well as inno- vative non-regulatory approaches to address new or shifting pest and disease scenarios. Efforts to Manage With the global climate changing at a rapid pace plant pathogens will likely find it easier to follow both traditional and new pathways to additional environments. The global trade of plant of plant prod- ucts has increased at an unprec- edented rate in recent decades and will continue to expand in the coming years expanding path- ways for plant pathogens to find new hosts. Writing in the European Journal of Plant Pathology S. Savary and B.M Cooke noted that plant disease epidemiologists have become experts in assessing the risk of irruption of novel pathogens in plant communities. The consequences of plant pathogen transport are many on local performances of spontaneous ecosystems and agricultural eco- systems on farmers livelihoods and on local national and regional economies they write. Can the sciences of plant pathology and plant epidemiology coupled with advances in plant microbiology and genetics close the pathways for pathogens and prevent crop disease disasters Not likely. But rigorous and vigorous efforts to monitor pathways and control diseases might make crop production a little more manage- able in this changing world. SW