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DECEMBER 2015 SEEDWORLD.COM 47 the country of origin is a challenge that brings substantial risk to plant breeders and the seed industry. Under the Protocol a Party could claim rights over a genetic resource claiming to be a country of origin. In a presentation prepared by the Dutch Plant Breeders Association Plantum uses apples as an example. Individual villages in Western Europe claim their own apple varieties. Are the individual villages the origin Is the country Or is it the near east where all apples are thought to have originated If so what country Nickson says with uncertainty of origin comes risk. There are real threats to corporate reputation based in allegations of biopiracy that exist today and require attention. Another question is the cost for breeding programs to develop varieties using genetic resources accessed under the Nagoya Protocol. Modern plant varieties are an amalgamation of thousands of functional units of heredity and all can be consid- ered of actual or potential value as defined in the CBD. Imagine that in the case of this pedigree each owner asks 1 percent of the sales of the variety. According to Nickson many the current regimes are creating legal uncertainty and the costs to sort out how to comply are escalating along with the risk of being accused of bio-piracy. He says if the regimes cannot be sorted out everyone will be impacted. It will take longer to develop products Nickson says. Some products will not be developed because costs will be too great or resources will simply not be made available and SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES Seed Cleaners Genuine Clipper Screens Parts Over 20 Models Available www.clipperseparation.com Phone 800 248-8318 infoclipperseparation.com Fax 260 824-5463 Manufactured by A. T. Ferrell in the great state of Indiana BOOTH NUMBER 308 ASTA CSS SEED EXPO some products may be pulled from the market based on legal challenges. My biggest concern is that countries may develop crippling policies with devastating effects. In these cases the poorest and most vulnerable will be unnecessarily disadvantaged. Some seed markets will be unattractive to most needed investment. He says plant breeders and seed companies can help. The effective action to improve the current state of affairs must take place at the national level. Public and private breeders need to engage with national negotiators and become part of the solu- tion within ABS negotiations. SW My biggest concern is that countries may develop crippling policies with devastating effects. In these cases the poorest and most vulnerable will be unnecessarily disadvantaged. Tom Nickson