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EUROPEAN-SEED.COMIEUROPEANSEEDI21ROPEAN-EED.COMIEUPEANSEEDI21VandenHurkcontinuesYoumaynegoti-ateonaprivatelevelbutyoucouldalsonegoti-ateonagrouplevel.ThroughPlantumwehavedoneseveralcollaborativeeortstoobtainaccesstogeneticresourceswithdierentlevelsosuccess.ThoseeortsincludeCollectingmissionsinCentralAsiaItwasagreedthatthesemissionscouldtakeplaceandthatthegeneticresourceswouldbesharedbetweenthegenebankothecountryandtheDutchgenebankCGN.AdditionallyresourcescouldbegivenoutundertheconditionsotheStandardMaterialTranserAgreement.AcountryinLatinAmericadidnotrespondtoarequestoraccessinexchangeoraresearchandcapacitybuildingproject.Hencetheaccessandbeneftsharingdidnottakeplace.CurrentlyapilotisbeingcarriedoutinChinaortheexchangeogeneticresourcesoanornamentalspecies.Itisclearthatthisapproachwithalotonegotiationsplacessmall-andmedi-um-sizedcompaniesatadisadvantage.Manyoicialshavenotbeenabletoseethoseconsequencesletalonetakecareoasolu-tion.ForthemomentnothingisoreseentoaddressthisproblemintheConventiononBiologicalDiversitynortheNagoyaProtocol.TheInternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourceshoweverunderstandstheactivitiesotheplantbreedingsectormuchbetter.Moreoveritunderstandstheinterdependenceocountriesandmakestheexchangeogeneticresourcesrelativelysimplethroughastandardcontract.ThiscontractisusedespeciallyormaterialsromgenebankssaysvandenHurk.Itisimportanttostressthatevery-bodymaybeneftromthegenebanks.Theyconservegeneticresourcesorhumankind.Moreovereverycountryisdependingonresourcesromothercountrieswhiledoingplantbreedinginparticularorgeneticresourcesoroodandagriculture.TodateimplementationotheInternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcesalsohashaditschallengesandthosewhothoughtthatworkingwithAnnex1cropswouldbesimplehavehadtothinkagain.CompaniesworkingwithAnnex1cropsshouldnotassumethattheyautomaticallyallundertheInternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcessystemasnotallcountriesmem-bersotheConventiononBiologicalDiversityandortheNagoyaProtocolaremembersothetreaty.Additionallygeneticresourcesoundinsituinmembercountriesdonotauto-maticallyallunderthemultilateralsystem.Evenexsitucollectionsogeneticresourcesdonotalwaysautomaticallyallunderthetreaty.Thesegeneticresourceshavetobeplacedunderthemultilateralsystem.EffortstoInformIndustryOverthepastnumberoyearsnationalregionalandglobalseedassociationshavebeeninormingtheseedindustryabouttheimplicationsotheNagoyaProtocol.Someproactiveseedcompanieshavebeenheedingthemanypresentationsandhavepreparedthemselvesinadvance.Wehaveused2014toprepareorthenewrulesthatwillbecomeapplicablethisyearsaysLisanneBooncompanylawyeratRijkZwaanintheNetherlands.Togetherwithourresearchersandbreederswehaveredratedourcurrentprocedurestocomplywiththesenewstricterrules.Inthispro-cedurewehavetriedtocombinethelegalaspectsaslaiddowninthebiodiversityleg-islationwithapragmaticapproachensuringtothebestextentpossiblethatbiodiversityisconservedusedandresultsinbeneftsorpeopleallovertheworldnotonlyinthedevelopedcountriesbutalsointhedevelopingcountries.Butthatsnotall.Companiesneedtobeawareoseveralotheractors.TolearnmoreabouttheNagoyaProtocolandtheConventiononBiologicalDiversityvisitwww.cbc.intabs.AlsowatchorparttwooourcoverageontheNagoyaProtocolinVolume2Issue2oEuropeanSeed.EUROPEAN-SEED.COMIEUROPEANSEEDI21Itisveryimportantorcompaniestoknowwhichgeneticresourcesinacountryallunderaccessandbeneftsharinglegisla-tion.Freshproductsinsupermarketsseedsorplantingmaterialboughtinalocalmarketorevenseedsorplantingmaterialobtainedthroughaarmerorresearchinstitutemaybecoveredbytheaccessandbeneftsharingleg-islationsaysvandenHurk.SeedcompaniesthougheelthereisstillmuchuncertaintyabouttheimplementationbytheEuropeanCommission.AcomplicatingactoristhattherearestillmanyquestionsthatneedtobeansweredbytheEuropeanCommissionandthenationalgovernmentssaysBoon.Wehavenoticedthatthiscreatessubstantialuncertainties.Asaconsequencesomecompaniesbecomeoverlyprotectiveblockingtheacquisitiononewmaterial.Thelongertheseuncertaintiescontinuethelargerwillbethenegativeeectontheinnovationinoursector.Boonnotesthatalreadyonseveraloccasionstheyhaveworkedtopreparetheirbreedersornewlegislationtocome.Theyrealizethatitissomethingthatwewillhavetodealwitheventhoughitisnotalwayseasytounderstandwhytheserulesarebeingimposed.Itisdifculttoseehowthenewrulescontributetoconservationandsustainableuseobiodiversity.Thereisabigconcernthataccessingnewmaterialwillonlybecomeevenmoredifcult.Andtherearemoreconcernsahead.BeingamultinationalorganizationourgroupcompaniesarelocatedallovertheworldwhichmeansthatwewillpossiblybeacedwithmanydierentimplementationsotheNagoyaProtocolBoonsays.Giventhestronginterdependenceothegroupcompa-niesweneverthelessdecidedtodeveloponeprocedureortheentiregroup.Wewanttoensurethatintergroupexchangesomaterialarenothamperedbyunnecessaryadminis-trativerules.LookingorwardtothecomingyearBoonaddsthatRijkZwaanplanstostayactive.Wewillusethisyeartoinormourcolleaguesinmoredetailaboutthenewprocedurethatwehavepreparedboththroughpresenta-tionsandviawrittencommunications.THELONGERTHESEUNCERTAINTIESCONTINUETHELARGERWILLBETHENEGATIVEEFFECTONTHEINNOVATIONINOURSECTOR.