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20IEUROPEANSEEDIEUROPEAN-SEED.COM20IUROPEANSEEDIEUROPEANSEED.COince1994theConventiononBiologicalDiversityhasbeeninorceandoneothepillarsoitisaccessandbeneitsharing.CountrieshavesovereignrightsontheirgeneticresourcesandtotheuseothoseresourcesandassuchPriorInormedConsentandMutuallyAgreedTermsmaybeneededtousethegeneticmaterialsandsettlethebeneftsharingresultingthererom.Asarbackastheeightiescountriesrec-ognizedthattheywereverymuchdependingoneachotherorplantgeneticresourcesoroodandagriculture.ThereoretheInternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcesdevelopedamultilateralsystemtoacilitateaccessandben-eftsharingoplantgeneticresourcesoroodandagriculturethroughtheso-calledmultilat-eralsystem.Inthatsystemaccessandbene-ftsharingareorganizedthroughastandardcontractthatwasinternationallynegotiated.Howevertherewasoneproblem.AccessandbeneftsharingthroughtheConventiononBiologicalDiversitydidnottakeplaceatalargescaleandthereoreitwasdecidedtodevelopaseparateprotocoltotheelaborateaccessandbeneftsharingprocess.ThisresultedintheNagoyaProtocolwhichconsistsothreeele-mentsFacilitationoaccessBeneftsharingarrangementsComplianceelementsTheNagoyaProtocolstillneedstobeimple-mentedatanationallevel.TheConventiononBiologicalDiversityandalsotheNagoyaProtocolotenarenotimplementedthroughnationallegislationwhichledtorulesandlegislationthatarenotapplicableorindivid-ualaccessandbeneftsharingagreementsinpractice.ThereasontocomeupwiththeNagoyaProtocolwasthattheaccessandbeneftshar-ingprovisionsintheConventiononBiologicalDiversitywerenotsufcientlyelaboratedsaysAnkevandenHurkvice-directoroPlantumtheDutchassociationortheplantreproductionmaterialsector.MoreovertheBonnguidelinesaguidancedocumentortheimplementationonationalaccessandbeneftsharinglegislationdidnotresultinappropriatenationallegislationorultimatelybeneftsharing.VandenHurkstatesthatthiswasespe-ciallynotedindevelopingcountrieswhereitwaseltthatbeneftsharingstilldidnottakeplaceastheBonnguidelineswerevoluntary.Theyelttheneedorabindingsystem.AtermanyyearsonegotiationtheNagoyaProtocolwasadoptedin2010.AccordingtotheNagoyaProtocolgov-ernmentsneedtodefneaccessrulesestablishbeneftsharingagreementsandensurecompli-anceinusercountries.ParticularlyrelevantortheseedsectoristhattheNagoyaProtocolrecognisesspecialisedaccessandbeneftsharingregimesandgeneticresourcesusedaccordingtothoseareexcludedromtheNagoyaProtocol.Theaccessandben-eitsharingmechanismotheInternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcesisoneotherecognisedsystems.FurthermoretheNagoyaProtocolactstoraiseawarenessbuildcapacitytosupportimplementationandactasahuborthecollectionanddistributionoinormationontopicssuchasdomesticregulatoryaccessandbeneftsharing.AsseedcompaniesareurgedtokeeptrackoftheirgeneticresourcesEuropeanSeedoffersanoverviewoftheNagoyaProtocolandwhatitmeanstotheindustry.EDITORSNOTEThisispartoneofatwo-partseriesexploringtheNagoyaProtocolanditsimpactontheEuropeanseedindustry.WatchforparttwoinVolume2Issue2ofEuropeanSeed.ENSURINGBIODIVERSITY20IEUROPEANSEEDIEUROPEAN-SEED.COMBYMARCELBRUINSInplantbreedingitiscrucialthatthereissimpleandeasyaccesstogeneticresourcestodevelopcommercialvarietiessoitcomesasnosurprisethattheseedindustryhasbeendiscussingtheNagoyaProtocolanditsimpactontheindustry.ThroughtheConventiononBiologicalDiversityandnowmoreexplicitlythroughtheNagoyaProtocolaccesstogeneticresourcescanonlybeobtainedinalegalmanneriPriorInormedConsentandMutuallyAgreedTermshavebeenobtainedsaysvandenHurk.ThisisnotnecessaryincountriesthatdonotrequirethisandalsonotnecessaryincaseswheretheInternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcessystemisused.MostpeoplesaythattheStandardMaterialTranserAgreementaselaboratedunderthetreatymayserveasPriorInormedConsentandMutuallyAgreedTerms.ThelatterhoweverisnotofciallyagreeduponbythepartiesotheConventiononBiologicalDiversitynortheNagoyaProtocol.ComplianceMeasuresNeededAsintheNagoyaProtocolcompliancemeas-uresorusercountriesarerequired.Ausersoalsoaplantbreedermaybeapproachedcheckedromtwosidesfrstromthecoun-trythatisprovidingthegeneticresourcesandlaterromtheusercountry.Withtheimplemen-tationotheNagoyaProtocolintheEuropeanUnionlegislationisjustocusingoncompliancemeasuresasusersogeneticresourceshaveaduediligenceobligation.TheConventiononBiologicalDiversityNagoyasystemrequiresindividualbusinessestonegotiatebilateralcontractsbetweenthem-selvesandtheprovidercountry.Thismeansthateachcompanyhastonegotiatewithcoun-triestogetaccesstodesiredPGR.TheNagoyaProtocolwasadoptedin2010afterlengthynegotiations.