Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Page 5
Page 6
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9
Page 10
Page 11
Page 12
Page 13
Page 14
Page 15
Page 16
Page 17
Page 18
Page 19
Page 20
Page 21
Page 22
Page 23
Page 24
Page 25
Page 26
Page 27
Page 28
Page 29
Page 30
Page 31
Page 32
Page 33
Page 34
Page 35
Page 36
Page 37
Page 38
Page 39
Page 40
Page 41
Page 42
Page 43
Page 44
Page 45
Page 46
Page 47
Page 48
Page 49
Page 50
Page 51
Page 52
EUROPEAN-SEED.COM I EUROPEAN SEED I 19 Hectares 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0 Hectares 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.00 120.000 140.000 160.000 180.000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 045 081 276 313 373 368 562 649 559 678 Area of GM maize production Area of conventional maize production isolation distance of 50 metres if the neigh- bouring fields are organic. As an alternative farmers cultivating GM maize can use differ- ent cycle varieties at least two FAO classes or drill the same FAO classes with a 20-day difference. Before production all farmers must be trained by qualified personnel concerning issues such as varietal properties and the legal provisions under which varieties have to be produced and the traceability measures to be fulfilled. Twenty days before drilling farmers must notify official services and inform their neighbours in written form. Farmers must also keep refuge areas for the insect to reproduce. Conventional maize must occupy 20 per cent of the area. The pur- pose of this measure is to prevent the rise of insect populations resistant to Bt varieties. Seed must be certified and packages must have a pamphlet with relevant informa- tion and responsibilities farmers must fulfil with respect to coexistence and traceability measures. Harvest must begin with GM varieties after which 2000 square metres of the con- ventional crop is harvested and marketed as GM in order to keep machinery free of GM grains. Every player in the chain must com- municate the final product was obtained with GM varieties as per European Regulation 18302003 which states This product con- tains genetically modified organisms or This product contains genetically modified name of organisms. As coexistence measures are not always easily fulfilled by small-scale farmers due to reduced field sizes there is a possibility for them to gather in production areas and only farmers located on the borders of these production areas have to comply with isola- tion measures. There has been a large increase in acre- age of these production areas Figure 4 which is a sign of the importance of GM varieties to small-scale farmers who dont have many options to fight maize borers. FIGURE 2. AREA OF GM MAIZE AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL AREA OF MAIZE PRODUCTION IN PORTUGAL. FIGURE 1. PRODUCTION AREA OF GM MAIZE IN PORTUGAL. Source Information from the Portuguese official services of the Ministry of Agriculture FIGURE 3. EXAMPLE OF GM PRODUCTION AREA. Source Vasco Salgueiro from Pioneer Portugal