A scientific breakthrough on the DNA sequencing of the groundnut (also known as peanut) promises the development of improved groundnut varieties with enhanced traits such as increased pod and oil yield, drought and heat tolerance and greater disease resistance.
A team of 51 scientists from 9 institutes in China, India, the United States and Australia, including the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), have decoded the complete DNA sequencing of the ancestor of the groundnut, the diploid A-genome (Arachis duranensis). Other significant traits this could help develop include aflatoxin-free, nutrition-rich and allergen-free varieties. The breakthrough also provides insights into geocarpy – a unique reproductive process of the groundnut, oil biosynthesis and allergens.
“This study has not just provided the full genome sequence to help plant breeders across the globe to develop more productive and more resilient groundnut varieties in a faster manner, but also provides us an insight to geocarpy, a reproductive process where the flowers grown on the stem go inside the soil and pod formations occur,” said Dr Rajeev Varshney, Co-Coordinator of Genome Sequencing Project and Research Program Director, Genetic Gains program at ICRISAT.
Congratulating the team on this breakthrough, Dr David Bergvinson, Director General, ICRISAT said, “This will provide an efficient road map for sustainable and resilient groundnut production for improved livelihoods of smallholder farmers particularly in the marginal environments of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.”
This study presents the draft genome of the groundnut A-genome progenitor containing 50,324 protein-coding gene models. Analysis of the complete DNA sequencing suggests that the groundnut lineage was affected by at least three sets of chromosomes since the origin of flowering plants or eudicots. The research expands the knowledge of understudied areas of plant biology and human impacts on plants and also offers millions of structural variations that can be used as genetic markers for the development of improved groundnut varieties through genomics-assisted breeding.
While highlighting the importance of this discovery in the Indian context, Trilochan Mohapatra, Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) said, “Rich in protein and edible oil, groundnut is central to the financial and nutritional well-being of hundreds of millions of farmers and consumers across India, China, Africa and South America. The novel genes identified are going to enhance crop productivity and quality and thereby increase farmer incomes.”
“In addition to the discovery of responsible genes for oil formation in seed and allergens affecting human health, genome sequencing has also provided genes and millions of genetic markers to accelerate development of superior groundnut varieties with high pod and oil yield, greater resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and other nutritional traits”, said Dr Manish K Pandey, Scientist – Groundnut Genomics and Lead author from ICRISAT on the research paper.
Xuan Qiang Liang from the Crops Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Dr Shanlin Yu from the Shandong Peanut Research Institute from China, the other two co-coordinators of the sequencing project are excited to see the completion of the project. They have been working on cracking this DNA along with other leaders including Dr Varshney, Dr Andrew Paterson (from University of Georgia, USA), Dr Shuping Wang (Shandong Shofine Seed Company) for the last four years.
While expressing his happiness, Dr Liang said, “It has been a pleasure for us to work with ICRISAT and other institutes from China and USA to reach this important milestone in peanut research.”
“The genome sequence and established partnership during the course of the project will be helpful for peanut improvement in China and other countries” added Dr Yu.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), is an important crop both commercially as well as nutritionally. This crop is grown in more than 100 countries and is consumed in all countries in one or other form. Globally, this crop is cultivated in 25.7 million hectares with an annual production of about 42.3 million metric tons, achieving average productivity of 1.6 tons/hectare.
While the oil and protein rich legume is seen as a cash crop in the developed world, it remains an important sustenance and cash crop in developing nations. This crop also enriches soil health through nitrogen fixation ability and its haulms are very popular among farmers as fodder.
Groundnut is one of ICRISAT’s mandate crops, along with chickpea, pigeonpea, sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet. ICRISAT led a global research partnership in decoding the genome sequence of pigeonpea in 2011, and of chickpea in 2013; it is currently leading the genome sequencing of pearl millet. These high-quality genome sequencing efforts have put ICRISAT in select advanced research institutes of the world.
